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’Adą́ą́dą́ą́’ísh tł’óo’di nanilnishgo nee ’ałní’ní’ą́?
yesterday-Q outside-at 2-work.CI-GO 2-with noon’Adą́ą́dą́ą́’ísh tł’óo’di nishínílnish?
yesterday-Q outside-at 2-work.P’Ahbínídą́ą́’ t’óó ’ahodiyeeshdláałgo biniinaa ’ólta’di doo hah níyáa da.
morning-past with pretend-1-move.Prog-GO 3-because school-at NEG quickly 1-go.P NEG
listen
I was late getting to school this morning because I dilly-dallied on the way. (YM 1987:71)
bookmark- ’ahbínídą́ą́’ this morningfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- -dą́ą́’ past timefind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- time
- t’óó withfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- -niinaa because of, on account offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -di atfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- hah, hahí fast, quickfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- doo --- da frame to negativize verbs and phrasesfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
’Ayóo łį́į́’ shił naalgeed diní, ’ííshją́ą́shį́į́ díí łį́į́chogii bikáá’ dah ńdaah!
very horse 1-with 3-buck.CI 3-2-say.NI lets.see this stallion 3-on up 2-sit.I’Ayóo łį́į́’ shił naalgeed diní, ’ííshją́ą́shį́į́ díí łį́į́chogii bikáá’ dah ńdaah!
very horse 1-with 3-buck.CI 3-2-say.NI lets.see this stallion 3-on up 2-sit.I’Ayóo łį́į́’ shił naalgeed diní, ’ííshją́ą́shį́į́ díí łį́į́chogii bikáá’ dah ńdaah.
very horse 1-with 3-buck.CI 3-2-say.NI lets.see this stallion 3-on up 2-sit.I’Ałk’idídą́ą́’ kin ’áshłaa ńt’éé’ ’éí t’ahdii bii’ shighan.
quite.long.ago house 3-1-make.P past it still 3-in 1-home’Ałk’idídą́ą́’ kin ’áshłaa ńt’éé’ ’éí t’ahdii bii’ shighan.
quite.long.ago house 3-1-make.P past it still 3-in 1-home’Éí naanishígíí haa nízahdę́ę́’ binanilnishgo hoolzhiizh?
that work-ÍGÍÍ how 3-long.N-past 3-2-work-GO time.move.P-dóó
from a specific location or point in space or time
bookmark-yaa
Béégashii ndahaniihdi dóola ’ayóí ’ánóolin léi’ t’óó bidánééł’į́į́’.
cattle-NOM pl-3-sell.CI-at bull remarkable 3-resemble.N INDEF just 3-1-look.at.PCh’é’étiingóó naanéhígíí shił bééhózin.
entrance-along 3-play.I-COMP 1-with 3-know.NIChidí naat’a’íísh hooghan yikáá’góó ch’ét’a’ doodaii’ dził bąąhgóósh ch’ét’a’?
airplane-Q hogan 3-over-along 3-fly.P or mountain 3-side-along-Q 3-fly.P
listen
Did the airplane fly over the house or along the mountainside?
bookmark- -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- -káá’ on, on top offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a datefind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -ąąh on, besidefind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a datefind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
Chidí naat’a’íísh hooghan yikáá’góó ch’ét’a’ doodaii’ dził bąąhgóósh ch’ét’a’?
airplane-Q hogan 3-over-along 3-fly.P or mountain 3-side-along-Q 3-fly.PChidí naat’a’íísh hooghan yikáá’góó ch’éta’ ’éí doodago daats’í dził yąąhgóó ch’ét’a’?
airplane-Q house 3-over-along 3-fly.P TOP or perhaps mountain 3-over-along 3-fly.PChidí naat’a’íísh hooghankáá’góó ch’ínísaal ’éí doodaii’ dziłghą́ą́’góó daats’í?
airplane house-over-along over-3-fly.P TOP or mountain-attached-along perhapsChidí naat’a’íísh hooghankáá’góó ch’ínísaal ’éí doodaii’ dziłghą́ą́’góó daats’í?
airplane house-over-along over-3-fly.P TOP or mountain-attached-along perhapsChidí sits’ą́ą́’ hashtł’ish yiih yilwodgo t’áá ch’į́į́góó ch’ééh ’ííł’įįd.
car 1-away mud 3-into 3-go.P-GO just fail in.vain 3-1-act.P
listen
I did everything possible to get my car out of the mud. (YM 1987:715)
bookmark- -ts’ą́ą́’ away from, separating from, derived fromfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -iih intofind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -go verb and subordinating encliticfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- ch’į́į́góó, ch’ínígóó everything possible without resultfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- ch’ééh in vain, futilely, tryfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
Da’ ’áájí ’ałdó’ ’áłah ’azlį́į́’?
Q that-side also meeting 1-happen.PDa’adánídi ’áts’ą́ą́’ deeshghał.
restaurant-at ribs 3-1-eat.FDamóo yę́ędą́ą́’ dziłghą́ą́’dę́ę́’ shádí dóó ba’áłchíní bił ’adaashkai.
sunday past.time mountain-top.of-from 1-elder.sister and 3-children 3-with downward-1-go.Pl.PDá’ák’ehdi t’ah ńt’éé’ t’óó ’ayóigo nahachagii bizhiin yijiłgo yiiłtsą́.
field-at still past many grasshoppers swarm 4-move.along.Prog-GO 3-1-see.PDá’ák’ehdi t’ah ńt’éé’ t’óó ’ayóigo nahachagii bizhiin yijiłgo yiiłtsą́.
field-at still past just very grasshoppers swarm 4-move.along.Prog-GO 3-1-see.PDibé dził binániidi da’ałchozh.
sheep mountain 3-slope-at Pl-3-graze.CIDibé yázhí ła’ yóó’ ’ííyáá ńt’ę́ę́’ tsiyi’di bik’íníyá.
lamb one away 3-go.P past forest-at 3-find.it.PDíí chąą’ shą’ háádę́ę́’ niníyęęzh?
this manure-Q where-from 3-ooze.PDooládó’ shį́į́ ’adą́ą́dą́ą́’ shich’ohoos’ni’ da kintah góyaa yishááł ńt’éé’ béeso naadiinígíí ńdiiłtsooz.
wow probably yesterday 1-lucky.P town areal down 1-go.I Past money twenty-NOM 3-sit.FFO.PDził bit’áahgi bįįh haalzheeh.
Mountain 3-close.to-at deer 3-3-hunting.CIDził bíchį́į́shk’ą́ą́h gódeg hoołtį́į́ł.
mountain 3-nose-against areal-up areal-rain.ProgDziłdę́ę́’ hoołtį́į́ł ńt’éé’ t’áá nihich’į’jį’ ’ásdįįd.
mountain-from areal-rain.Prg past just 1pl-toward-up.to 3-disappear.PHa’a’aahdę́ę́sh naaghan ’éí doodago e’e’aahdę́ę́sh naaghan?
east-from-Q 2-home TOP or west-from-Q 2 homeHa’a’aahjíísh ’éí doodago ’e’e’aahjíísh nighan?
east-from-Q 2-home TOP or west-from-Q 2-homeHa’át’éegishą’ nich’ah nííní’ą́?
where-at-Q 2-hat 3-2-set.down.SRO.PHa’át’éegishą’ nich’ah nííní’ą́?
where-at-Q 2-hat 3-2-set.down.SRO.PHa’ąądi dibé bighan.
areal-other.side sheep 3-corralHaa nízahdę́ę́’ hoołtį́į́ł?
how 3-long-from rain.ProgHaash nízah kodóó nighanjį’?
how-Q 3-long.N here-from 2-home-toHaash nízah kodóó nighanjį’?
how-Q 3-long.N here-from 2-home-toHáadi niyaa hazlį́į́’?
where-at 2-under area-grow.PHáadi niyaa hazlį́į́’?
where-at 2-under area-grow.PHáádę́ę’shą’ díí ch’ah nizhóní léi’ naa yílts’id?
where-from-Q DEM hat 3-beautiful.NI INDEF 2-to 3-move.air.SRO.PHáádę́ę́’shą’ tó ndahohheeh?
where-from-Q water pl-3-2-haul.LPB.IHádą́ą́’sh Mary ’ólta’dę́ę́’ nádzá?
when-past-Q Mary school-from 3-return.PHoozdo hoolyéedi deesdoi sha’shin. ’Áyaańda (’áyąą) diné bi’éétsoh t’áá gééd ndaakai.
Phoenix areal-called-at hot possibly no.wonder person 3-coat without pl-3-go.pl.PHoozdodę́ę́’ Łééchąąłgaii bee nááshdááłgo Kinłánídi da’jiyání góne’ sédáago shiyaa haalwod lá.
Phoenix-from greyhound.bus 3-with 1-return.Prog-GO Flagstaff-at cafe into 1-sit.SPN-GO 1-under 3-run.P DISC
listen
Coming back from Phoenix by Greyhound bus I got left behind in the restaurant in Flagstaff. (YM 1987:428)
bookmark- -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -ee by means offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- instrumental
- -di atfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -go verb and subordinating encliticfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- -yaa under, beneath, downfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
Hoozdohdi ’éí doo ’ashohodoobéézhgóó deesdoi.
Phoenix-at TOP extremely 3-hot.SPNJohn dáádílkałdóó sizį́į́ dóó ’áádę́ę́’ déez’į́į́’.
John door-from 3-stand.SPN and there-from 3-look.CIK’aa’ísh ’aní’á biyaa doodago daats’í báhátis ’ayiist’oh ?
arrow-Q bridge 3-under or perhaps 3-over 3-3-shot.P
listen
Did s/he perhaps shoot arrows under or over the bridge?
bookmark- -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- doodago particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- daats’í particle for perhapsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- -yaa under, beneath, downfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -tis overfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
K’aa’ísh ’aní’á biyaa doodago daats’í báhátis ’ayiist’oh?
arrow-Q bridge 3-under or perhaps 3-over 3-3-shot.P
listen
Did s/he perhaps shoot arrows under or over the bridge?
bookmark- -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- doodago particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- daats’í particle for perhapsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- -yaa under, beneath, downfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -tis overfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
K’aa’ísh ’aní’á biyaa doodago daats’í báhátis ’ayiist’oh?
arrow-Q bridge 3-under or perhaps 3-over 3-3-shot.PDid s/he perhaps shoot arrows under or over the bridge?
bookmarkK’ad cháshk’eh góyaa tó de ’anool’ąął.
now wash down water up 3-rise.ProgKin Łánídi daats’í ’éí doodago Bee’eldííldahsinildiísh naniná?
Flagstaff-at perhaps or Albuquerque-at-Q 2-go.around.CIKin Łánídiísh ’éí doodago Bee’eldííldahsinildi daats’í naniná?
Flagstaff-at-Q TOP or Albuquerque-at perhaps 2-go.around.CIKin Łánídiísh ’éí doodago Bee’eldííldahsinildi daats’í naniná?
Flagstaff-at-Q TOP or Albuquerque-at perhaps 2-go.around.CIKin Łánídiísh ’éí doodago Bee’eldííldahsinildi daats’í naniná?
Flagstaff-at-Q TOP or Albuquerque-at perhaps 2-go.around.CIAre you at Flagstaff or at Albuquerque?
bookmarkKintah góyaa yishááł ńt’éé’ béeso ńdiiłtsooz
areal-down 1-go.Prog past money 3-1-pick.FFO.PKintah góyaa yishááł ńt’éé’ béeso ńdiiłtsooz
areal-down 1-go.Prog past money 3-1-pick.FFO.PKintahdę́ę́’ łį́į́’ shił nááldlosh.
town-from horse 1-with 3-run.CIKintahdę́ę́’ hahí néínídzáá lá.
town-from quickly 2-return.P DISCKinŁánídi ’ííníshta’ ńt’éé’ ’áádóó t’áá ’ániidígo ’áadi náánísdzáá ńtéé’ ’ééhosisya’ lá.
Flagstaff-in 1-study.P past and.then just recently there-at 1-return.P past 1-get.hazy.P discMą’iitsoh shik’iilwodgo tsékooh góyaa bidááłgo’.
wolf 1-3-attack-COMP canyon areal-down 3-1-push.PMósí yázhí chizhtah yiyah yilwod.
kitten woodpile.among 3-under 3-run.PNa’nishkaadgo nídíshchííyaagi hanáshyį́į́h ńt’éé’ ’iiłhaazh lá, t’ah nít’éé’ shilééchąą’í ch’ééshinísid.
1-herd.I-GO pinetree-under-at 1-rest.I past 1-slept.P DISC all.of.sudden 1-dog 1-woke.up.P
listen
When I was out herding I was resting under a pinetree and I went to sleep but suddenly to my surprise my dog woke me up.
bookmark- Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅)
- na’nishkaad herd, go out herding
- Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅)
- hanááshyį́į́’ rest
- t’ah ńt’éé’ all of a suddenfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)
- ’iishháásh sleep
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)
- ch’ééníssííd awaken him/her
- -yaa under, beneath, downfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- -gi atfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
Naadą́ą́’ lá haa néelą́ą́’ nida’ak’eh biyi’ góne’?
corn Q how 3.much.N 2-cornfield 3-in thereNaakaii Bito’gi béégashii bee łá’í ’ídlínígíí bee ’anishtah.
mexican water-at cow 3-with one-unify.P-COMP 3-with 1-among.NINaalyéhé bá hooghandi t’ah doo dá’deelkaałdą́ą́’ nisingo na’ńle’dii tsį́į́ł shiisxį́ (siisxį́).
trading.post-at just NEG 3-PASS-close.I-past 1-think.N-GO dismay speed 1-3-kill.PNaalyéhé bá hooghandi tł’oh hániikai ńt’éé’ ’áníídí yee’ ’ásdįįd lágo ’áadi niikai.
trading.post-at hay 1dpl-go.pl.P past recently very 3-disappear.P DISC-GO there 1dpl-go.pl.P
listen
We went to the trading post after hay only to find that the supply had just run out. (YM 1987:416)
bookmark- -go verb and subordinating encliticfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- -á for, for the benefit offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- benefactive
- -di atfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- location
- ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- time
- ’ániidígo recently, not long agofind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- time
- -go verb and subordinating encliticfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
Náás heesháałgo chidí bine’ ’ííyá.
forward 1-step.Prog-GO car 3-behind 1-go.PNáhookǫ́sdę́ę’go ních’igo ’ayóo deesk’aaz.
north.from-GO breeze-GO very cold.SPNNichidí háadish nííníłbą́ą́z?
2-car where-at-Q 3-2-park.PNichidí háadishą’ nííníłbą́ą́z
2-car where-at-Q 3-2-park.PNichidí lá háadi nííníłbą́ą́z?
2-car-Q where-at 3-2-park.PNichidí lá háadi nííníłbą́ą́z?
2-car where-at-Q 3-2-park.PNichidí lá háadi nííníłbą́ą́z?
2-car where-at-Q 3-2-park.PÓlta’di ndeii’néego ’ashkii ła’ kin bizánághahdę́ę́’ shich’į’ ch’élwodgo bił ’ahídégoh.
school-at 1pl-play.I-GO boy some building-3-around-from 1-to out-3-run.P-GO 3-with 3-1-collide.P
listen
When we were playing at school a boy came running at me around the corner of the building and I collided with him. (YM 1987:57)
bookmark- -di atfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -zánághah aroundfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -ch’į’ to, towardfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -ił withfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
Ólta’di ndeii’néego ’ashkii ła’ kin bizánághahdę́ę́’ shich’į’ ch’élwodgo bił ’ahídégoh.
school-at 1pl-play.I-GO boy some building-3-around-from 1-to out-3-run.P-GO 3-with 3-1-collide.P
listen
When we were playing at school a boy came running at me around the corner of the building and I collided with him. (YM 1987:57)
bookmark- -di atfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -zánághah aroundfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -ch’į’ to, towardfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -ił withfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
Shá bíighah tsiyaa sédáago, shinááł nida’jiłkǫ́ǫ́’.
sun proportionate tree-under 1-sit.SPN-GO 1-watch.CI pl-4-swim.PShich’ah tsékooh góyaa ’adah bił ’ííyol.
1-hat gorge areal-down downward 3-with 3-blow.PShicheii hastą́diin nááhai yilááhdę́ę́’ ’aníłdįįd.
1-grandfather sixty years 3-beyond-from 3-3-survive.PShidá’í tsékooh góyaa bił ’adáá’áázh.
1-uncle canyon areal-down 3-with 1.go.dual.PShighan bíighahgi yas biyi’dę́ę́’ tsé hahíí’ą́.
3-house 3-inside of snow 3-inside-from rock 3-stick.out.NPShighandóó ha’a’aahjígo ’ahidiildzis dóó ’ákóyaa bida’atiin.
1-house-from east-to-GO join-together-canyons and there-down 3-off-roadShighandóó ndáá’góó ’ada’iisdee’go nihí ’éí t’áá yiike’.
1-home-from war.ceremony-to 3-go.away.P we.du.pl TOP just 1du-remain.behind.PShighandóó ndáá’góó ’ada’iisdee’go nihí ’éí t’áá yiike’.
1-home-from war.ceremony-to 3-go.away.P we.du.pl TOP just 1du-remain.behind.PShighanídóó ’e’e’aah bich’ijígo shádí bighan.
1-home-from west 3-in.the.direction.of older.sister 3-dwell.NShilééchąą’í yázhí táa’go tsásk’eh yiyaa ’ahííjéé’.
1-dog small three-comp bed 3-under 3-lie.pl.NPShiníbaal doo tó biníkáogeeh le’ ’át’éégóó ’íishłaa.
1-tent NEG water 3-through-3-flow.O proof.against-NEG 3-1-make.PShizhé’é mósí néidiiłts’in ńt’éé’ biyaa haalwodgo ná’ádoolts’in.
1-father cat 3-3-act.with.fist.P past 3-under 3-go.P-GO REFL-3-act.with.fist.PShí ’éí t’áá naanishdóó kingóó déyá.
I TOP just work-from town-to 1-go.ITsé bikáa’gi béésh dah si’ą́.
rock 3-on-at knife up 3-sit.SNPTsinaabąąs bikáá’dę́ę́’ t’áá ’ałkéé’ ’adahaago’ ndeii’néego.
wagon 3-top-from just one-after-another down-1Pl-fall.P 3Pl-play.CI-GO.CITł’éédą́ą́’ ńléí dził bine’jí ’adildííl yiits’a’ ni’.
night-past there mountain 3-behind-way thunder 3-sound.P recallYiską́ągo nighandi naadeeshááł.
tomorrow 2-home-at 2-to-1-go.FYiską́ągo níléí hódahdi ’ołta’di ni’dí’néeshtįįł nissin.
tomorrow that up.at school-at 1-teach.F 1-want.CIThere are currently 1051 entries, 989 audio files, and 0 images.
All content copyright © the Navajo community. (2021)
This lexicon was authored by Devon Denny, Natalie R. Desiderio, Jeremy Fahringer, Theodore B. Fernald, Ronald Gene, Johnny Harvey, Betsy H. Horner, Sammy Largo, Lorene B. Legah, Sharon Nelson, Tyler Tinhorn, and Ronald Yazzie.
Dictionary produced by Ted Fernald, K. David Harrison and Jeremy Fahringer. (2021)
Supported in part with funding from a NSF grant (PI Fernald, Collaborative Research: Training the next generation of Navajo language scientists, Award #1563672).
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
All rights reserved. Do not distribute or reproduce without permission.
how to cite:
Fernald, Theodore B., Devon Denny, Natalie R. Desiderio, Jeremy Fahringer, Ronald Gene, Johnny Harvey, Betsy H. Horner, Sammy Largo, Lorene B. Legah, Sharon Nelson, Tyler Tinhorn, and Ronald Yazzie. 2021.
Navajo Verb Modes: grammar and examples.
Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages.
http://www.talkingdictionary.org/navajo_verb_mode
Interface and database design under the direction of Jeremy Fahringer and Swarthmore College ITS.
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