Navajo

Yesterday were you working outside up to noon?

Source: YM 1987:598, Speaker: Ronald Gene

• Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• naashnish workfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• ałní’ní’ą́ noonfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• yes/no question
• -di at
• location
• -ee by means of
• instrumental

Yesterday were you working outside?

Source: YM 1987:598, Speaker: John Harvey

• Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• naashnish workfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• yes/no question
• -di at
• location
• -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon

Whenever he finishes drinking his coffee he places it on the table.

Source: YM 1987:781, Speaker: John Harvey

• Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• yishdlą́ drink itfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• Usitative (U)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• -ee by means of
• instrumental
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location

You said you’re good at riding broncos; let’s see you get on this stallion! (YM 1987:482)

Speaker: John Harvey

• -ił with
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location
• dah up at an elevation, off, static, holdingfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

You said you’re good at riding broncos; let’s see you get on this stallion! (YM 1987:482)

Speaker: Wallace Dale

• -ił with
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location
• dah up at an elevation, off, static, holdingfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

Some time ago I built a house and I’m still living in it. (YM 1987:91)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• ’ałk’idídą́ą́’ quite some time agofind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -ii’, yi’ inside of, within, at the interior of a solid object
• location

When I come back from there, I am going to feed the horses.

Sources: YM 1987:564, YM 1987:604, Speaker: Sammie Largo

• Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• náníshdááh returnfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• Future (F)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• ndaashjooł set piles outfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of

How long have you been doing that particular work? (YM 1987:429)

Speaker: tyler tinhorn

• haa + Neuter V how / what Vfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• time

The little girl will certainly walk out of the house.

Source: YM 1987:274, Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• ’ííshją́ą́ certainlyfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• Future (F)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• ch’éghááh walk outfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

The little girl will certainly walk out of the house.

Source: YM 1987:274, Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• ’ííshją́ą́ certainlyfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• Future (F)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• ch’éghááh walk outfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

Don’t forget that I put the stew on the stove. (YM 1987:482)

Speaker: Sharon Nelson

• ’ííshją́ą́ certainlyfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -káá’ on, on top of
• dah up at an elevation, off, static, holdingfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• location
• Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• shishkaah put it on a surface (OC)find in Navajo Verb Modes

I am reading facing the children at school.

Speaker: Sharon Nelson

• -di at
• -naashii across from, opposite
• location

from a general location or point in space or time (also out of, off of)

Speaker: Sharon Nelson

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of

from a general location or point in space or time (also out of, off of)

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of

from a specific location or point in space or time

• -dóó from a specific location or point in space or time

under, beneath, down

• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location

At the cattle sale I saw a beautiful bull that I sure wished I had. (YM 1987:175)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• ’ayóí remarkable, amazing, extraordinaryfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -di at
• location

I used to live in Gallup. I lived formerly in Gallup. (YM 1987:296)                                                                                                                                                                           

Speaker: Bernadine M. Cody

• ch’óóshdą́ą́dą́ą́’ formerly, originallyfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -di at
• location

I used to live in Gallup. I lived formerly in Gallup. (YM 1987:296)                                                                                                                                                                           

Speaker: Bernadine M. Cody

• ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -di at
• location

Did the airplane fly over the house or along the mountainside?

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• location
• -ąąh on, beside
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• location

Did the airplane fly over the house or along the mountainside?

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• doodaii’ particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• location
• -ąąh on, beside
• location

Did the airplane fly over the house or along the mountain?

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• doodaii’ particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• location
• -ąąh on, beside
• location

Did the airplane fly over the house or along the mountain?

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• doodaii’ particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• location
• -ą́ą́h passing by
• location

Did the airplane fly over the house or along the mountain?

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• doodaii’ particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• location
• -ą́ą́h passing by
• location

I did everything possible to get my car out of the mud. (YM 1987:715)

Speaker: Leslie Chavez

• -ts’ą́ą́’ away from, separating from, derived from
• location
• -iih into
• location
• -go verb and subordinating encliticfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• ch’į́į́góó, ch’ínígóó everything possible without resultfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• ch’ééh in vain, futilely, tryfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

Does s/he have a car or do you have a car?

Speaker: Sharon J. Nelson

• doodaii’ particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -ee by means of
• location

I’m going to eat ribs at the restaurant.

Source: YM 1987:782, Speaker: Ronald Gene

• Future (F)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• yishghał eat it (meat)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• -di at
• location

Last Sunday I accompanied my older sister and her family down from the mountaintop. (YM 1987:11)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of

To my surprise, I saw a swarm of grasshoppers moving along a field. (YM 1987:183)

Speaker: Natalie R. Desiderio

• ’ayóigo very, extremelyfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -di at
• location

I am herding sheep across from the hill.

Speaker: Sharon Nelson

• -naashii across from, opposite
• location

The sheep are grazing on the mountain slope.

Sources: YM 1987:32, YM 1987, Speaker: Ron Gene

• -nánii on a slope, on the edge
• -di at
• location

A lamb got lost but I found it in the woods. (YM 1987:740)

Speaker: Sharon Nelson

• -di at
• location
• yóó’ away, disappearing, getting lostfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

There are few places in the Navajo country where it rains. (YM 1987:515)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• łahágóó in a few placesfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location
• -gi at
• location

Where did this manure come (ooze) from? (YM 1987:664)

Speaker: Sharon J. Nelson

• háá-P.ENCLITIC wherefind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

Why don’t you saddle your horse too? ( YM1987:350) Lexical notes: doo hanii together are interpreted as ’why not?’

Speaker: Bernadine M.Cody

• hanii expresses contrarinessfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -k’i on, onto, off, over
• location

He’s deer hunting over near the mountain.

Sources: YM 1987:33, YM 1987, Speaker: Natalie Desiderio

• -t’ááh close to
• -gi at
• location

A rainstorm was moving along from the mountain but it fizzled out before it reached us. (YM 1987:33)

Speaker: Sharon Nelson

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• -jį́’ up to, as far as
• ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• t’áá justfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

A rainstorm was moving along from the mountain but it fizzled out before it reached us. (YM 1987:33)

Speaker: Sharon Nelson

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• t’áá justfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

Do they know where he bought the coffee?

• -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -di at
• location
• -ił with
• goal

Is your home in the east or the west?

• doodago particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

Is your home in the east or the west?

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• -sh enclitic for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -jí on the side of, in the direction of, in the manner of
• location

Where did you leave your hat? Where did you set your hat down? (YM 1987:403)

Speaker: Tyler Tinhorn

• -shą’ enclitic for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -gi at
• location

Why do you keep coming by me (as to eavesdrop)? (YM 1987:150)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• -niiyé for the purpose of, to
• goal
• -ą́ą́h passing by
• location

How far away is the approaching storm? (YM 1987:665)

Speaker: tyler tinhorn

• haa + Neuter V how / what Vfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

How far is it from here to your place? (YM 1987:691)

Speaker: Natalie R. Desiderio

• haa + Neuter V how / what Vfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dóó from a specific location or point in space or time
• location
• -jį́’ up to, as far as
• location

Where are we (pl)? (YM 1987:513)

Speaker: Natalie R. Desiderio

• háá-P.ENCLITIC wherefind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -di at
• location

Where did you grow up? (YM 1987:410) Lexical notes: Verb means ’space came into being’ YM (1987:410)

Speaker: tyler tinhorn

• háá-P.ENCLITIC wherefind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -di at
• location
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location

Where did you get this nice hat?

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• háá-P.ENCLITIC wherefind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location
• -aa to
• location

Where do you haul water from? (YM 1987:621)

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• háá-P.ENCLITIC wherefind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

Where do you haul water from? (YM 1987:621)

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• -shą’ enclitic for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

When did Mary return from school?

Speaker: Lorene

• hádą́ą́ when [past]find in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dą́ą́’ past time
• time
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

When did Mary return from school?

• -sh enclitic for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dą́ą́’ past time
• time
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

When did Mary return from school?

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• hádą́ą́ when [past]find in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dą́ą́’ past time
• time
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

Where did you get this nice hat?

• -shą’ enclitic for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location
• -aa to
• location

John is standing at the doorway and looking this way. (YM 1987:1)

Speaker: Bernadine M.Cody

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of

Did you throw the ball across the road or over the fence?

• doodaii’ particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -tis over
• location

Did s/he perhaps shoot arrows under or over the bridge?

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• doodago particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• daats’í particle for perhapsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location
• -tis over
• location

Did s/he perhaps shoot arrows under or over the bridge?

Speaker: Natalie R. Desiderio

• -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• doodago particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• daats’í particle for perhapsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location
• -tis over
• location

Did s/he perhaps shoot arrows under or over the bridge?

• -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location
• -áátis over
• location

The water level is rising now down the wash. (YM 1987:122)

Speaker: Tyler Tinhorn

• de, deg upfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location

Are you at Flagstaff or at Albuquerque?

• -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -di at
• location

I’m riding back from town on horseback.

Speaker: John Harvey

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location
• -ił with
• transportation

I’m riding back from town on horseback.

Speaker: John Harvey

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location
• -ił with
• transportation

I was young I went to school in Flagstaff but I returned there recently to find that I’m so hazy about things that I barely recognize the place. (YM 1987:366)

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• ’ániidígo recently, not long agofind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -di at
• location

When did Mary return from school?

Speaker: Sharon J. Nelson

• -sh enclitic for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -dą́ą́’ past time
• time
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• location

When the wolf attacked me I pushed him down into the canyon. (YM 1987:176)

Speaker: Sharon Nelson

• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location

The kitten ran under the woodpile.

Speaker: Ron Gene

• -yah under, beneath
• location

I’m a member of the Mexican Springs Cattle Association. (YM 1987:164)

Speaker: Wallace Dale

• -gi at
• location
• -ee by means of

We (pl.) ran about two miles with the girl who was running in the puberty ceremony. (YM1987:46)

Speaker: Natalie R. Desiderio

• daats’í maybe, perhaps, possiblyfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -di at
• location
• -ił with
• accompaniment

Thinking that the trading post would not be closed I rushed (to get there), but I was out of luck. (YM 1987:559)

Speaker: Bernadine M. Cody

• na’ńle’dii to my dismay, out of luckfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -di at
• location
• -dą́ą́’ past time
• time

We went to the trading post after hay only to find that the supply had just run out. (YM 1987:416) Lexical notes: hániikai is listed in YM 1987:416. The há- prefix means ’for’ in the sense of expressin

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• -go verb and subordinating encliticfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -á for, for the benefit of
• benefactive
• -di at
• location
• ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• time
• ’ániidígo recently, not long agofind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• time
• -go verb and subordinating encliticfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

I stepped up (and got) behind the car. (YM 1987:438)

Speaker: Leslie Chavez

• náás forward, farther onfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -ne’ behind
• location

It’s very cold with the breeze from the north. (YM 1987:627)

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• ’ayóo very, extremelyfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of

Where did you park your car?

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• -shą’ enclitic for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -di at
• location

As for your car, where did you park it?

Speaker: Sharon J. Nelson

• lá particle for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -di at
• location

Where did you park your car?

Speaker: Lorene

• lá particle for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -di at
• háá-P.ENCLITIC wherefind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• location

Where did you park your car?

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• lá particle for content questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
• -di at
• location

When we were playing at school a boy came running at me around the corner of the building and I collided with him. (YM 1987:57)

Speaker: Wallace Dale

• -di at
• -zánághah around
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• -ch’į’ to, toward
• -ił with

As I sat under the tree, I watched them swim all day long.

Sources: YM 1987:684, YM 1987:551, Speaker: Sammie Largo

• Si-Perfective Neuter (SPN)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• sédá sitfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• na’ashkǫ́ǫ́’ swimfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• shá bíighah all day, foreverfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location

My hat blew down into the gorge. (YM 1987:8)

Speaker: Theodore Fernald

• ’adah downward from a heightfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location
• -ił with
• Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes

My grandfather lived more than sixty years. (YM 1987:116)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• -lááh beyond, greater than
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of

I went down in the canyon with my uncle. (YM 1987:11)

Speaker: Bernadine M.Cody

• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location
• -ił with
• accompaniment

A rock sticks out of the snow beside my home. (YM 1987:395)

Speaker: Ronald Gene

• -gi at
• location
• -ii’, yi’ inside of, within, at the interior of a solid object
• location
• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of

Eastward from my place the canyons converge, there’s a trail down there. (YM 1987:57)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• -dóó from a specific location or point in space or time
• -jí on the side of, in the direction of, in the manner of
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location

When everyone from my home went away to attend the Squaw Dance, we stayed behind. (YM 1987:10)

Speaker: Sharon Nelson

• -dóó from a specific location or point in space or time
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• goal
• t’áá justfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

When everyone from my home went away to attend the Squaw Dance, we stayed behind. (YM 1987:10)

Speaker: Devon Denny

• -dóó from a specific location or point in space or time
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• goal
• t’áá justfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

My sister’s place is westward from mine. (YM 1987:171)

Speaker: Wallace Dale

• -dóó from a specific location or point in space or time
• -ch’į’ to, toward

My three puppies are lying with part of their bodies extending under the bed. (YM 1987:68)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location

My father was going to hit the cat with his fist but it ran out from under him and he hit himself. (YM 1987:544)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location

As for me, I went to the town from work.

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• déyá gofind in Navajo Verb Modes
• -dóó from a specific location or point in space or time
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• goal

As for me, I went to the town from work.

Speaker: Lorene B Legah

• Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• déyá gofind in Navajo Verb Modes
• -dóó from a specific location or point in space or time
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• goal

Not too long ago only the Navajos living down along the river had farms along these shores. (YM 1987:711)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• ’ałk’idídą́ą́’ quite some time agofind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• -ąąh on, beside
• location

Not too long ago only the Navajos living down along the river had farms along these shores. (YM 1987:711)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• t’éiyá onlyfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -t’ááh close to
• location
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location
• -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date
• location

I am from Tohatchi.

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of

The knife is on the rock. (YM 1987:198)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• dah up at an elevation, off, static, holdingfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -káá’ on, on top of
• location
• -gi at
• location

I climb down into the canyon with a rope. (YM 1987:11)

Speaker: Tyler Tinhorn

• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location
• -ee by means of
• instrumental

I ripped my skirt as I was getting down from the wagon. (YM 1987:11)

Speaker: Dana Desiderio

• -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of
• ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon

Last night there was the rumble of thunder over on the other side of the mountain. (YM 1987:18)

Speaker: Tyler Tinhorn

• tł’éédą́ą́’ last nightfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -ne’ behind
• -jí on the side of, in the direction of, in the manner of
• location

Tomorrow, I’m going to teach at the High School.

Sources: YM 1987:559, YM 1987:655, Speaker: John Harvey

• Future (F)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• na’nishtin teachfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• Continuative Imperfective (CI)find in Navajo Verb Modes
• nisin think, wantfind in Navajo Verb Modes
• yiską́ągo tomorrowfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
• -di at
• location

The dog is asleep under the house. (YM 1987:251)

Speaker: Tyler Tinhorn

• -tł’ááh beneath, under
• -yaa under, beneath, down
• location