Navajo

Select an adverb [all] ’adah downward from a height ’adą́ą́dą́ą́’ yesterday ’ahbínídą́ą́’ this morning ’ayóigo very, extremely ’ayóí remarkable, amazing, extraordinary ’ayóo very, extremely ’ałk’idą́ą́’ long ago, formerly ’ałk’idídą́ą́’ quite some time ago ’ałní’ní’ą́ąjį’ noon-until ’ániidígo recently, not long ago ’át’ah ’índa later, later on ’át’ahígo shortly, soon, in a little while ’áyąą, ’áyaańda no wonder, little wonder that ’áłt’ąą after all ’ííshją́ą́ certainly -gi ’át’éego like, similar to -go verb and subordinating enclitic ałní’ní’ą́ noon ch’ééh in vain, futilely, try ch’į́į́góó, ch’ínígóó everything possible without result ch’óóshdą́ą́dą́ą́’ formerly, originally daats’í maybe, perhaps, possibly dah up at an elevation, off, static, holding de, deg up deigo, dego up, upward, up in the air díí tł’éé tonight doo ’ashohodéébéézhgóó unbearable doo ’ashohodoobéézhgóó awfully, extremely doo ’asht’é’égóó extremely, very doo --- da frame to negativize verbs and phrases doo --- ndi, doo ndi, ndi --- doo not even, not so much as doo chohoo’į́į́góó very, extremely doo deighánígóó a long ways, far doo ndi --- da not even, doesn’t even doo t’áá k’ad --- da don’t want to, don’t feel like doo yéé --- -í it’s a good thing that, you’re lucky that doochǫǫł --- dooleeł ridiculous, repulsive doolá dó’ --- da lá it certainly is, wow, but it is doondó’ --- da not even, doesn’t even doondó’ --- da, doo ndi ---da, doondó’ ndi --- da not even, doesn’t even doondó’ ndi --- da not even, doesn’t even dooshą’ --- lá, dooshą’ léi’ --- lá, dooshą’ dó’ léi’ --- lá I’ll see to it that, see that doozhǫǫgo acceptable, satisfactory, decent dó’ --- -ísh łí expresses questioning uncertainty, wonderment dó’, ’ałdó’ too, also ha’naa, tsé’naa across haahláyéé don’t dare hah, hahí fast, quick hanii expresses contrariness hazhóó’ógo carefully, painstakingly hágoónee’ well, all right then, well hodíina’ágo after a while k’ad now k’adę́ę lágo just about the time when k’adę́ę nearly, almost k’asdą́ą́’ almost, nearly k’asídą́ą́’ very nearly, coming close to laanaa optative particle for a positive wish, hope or desire lágo negative particle used with the optative mode le’ ’át’éégóó, doo --- le’ ’át’éégóó with the optative mode: to proof against na’ńle’dii to my dismay, out of luck naa across, crosswise on náás forward, farther on ńt’éé’ relates to past time shá bíighah all day, forever t’ah ńt’éé’ all of a sudden t’ahdii still t’áadoo hooyání suddenly t’áadoo not t’áá ’íiyisíí really, very t’áá ákwíízhíní every summer t’áá ch’į́į́góó failure t’áá gééd without t’áá hoosch’į’ suddenly t’áá just t’éiyá only t’óó with tsxį́įłgo quickly, fast tł’éédą́ą́’ last night tł’óo’di outside wónáásdóó soon, finally yaa down, downward yah in, inside a spacious chamber yiską́ągo tomorrow yóó’ away, disappearing, getting lost łah once, at one time, once upon a time łahágóó in a few places łahda sometimes, from time to time łahgo otherwise, altered, changed łáháda now and then, once in a while, seldom, rarely

Select a postposition, question expression, verb or verb mode [all] -- postpositions -- -’oh less than, short of, too little -’ąą beyond, on the other side, in addition to -aa to -á for, for the benefit of -áátis over -ááłk’iis alongside, parallel with -ąąh on, beside -ą́ą́h passing by -ba’ waiting -ba- to the point of exhaustion, used up, completed -ch’a scold -ch’ijí toward, on the side, supporting -ch’į’ to, toward -ch’ą́ą́h blocking -chá-, -chá bunched up, bunched together, huddled -chą́’ craving, addicted to, fond of -dááh in front of, meeting, before, for -dą́ą́’ past time -de up -deená exchange for -dę́ę́’ from a general location or point in space or time, also out of, off of -di at -diníná opposite to -dóó from a specific location or point in space or time -ee by means of -ę́ę-dą́ą́’ =yę́ędą́ą́’ back when -ghá through -ghą́ą́h attaching to, hitched to, connected to -gi at -góó to, toward, along, on, with a numeral it indicates a date -ii’, yi’ inside of, within, at the interior of a solid object -iih into -ił with -í-jígo over in the direction of the place where -ídin without, lacking -íighah by means of time -íniiká against, counter to -íyah under, supporting as a beam -jigo toward, northward -jí designates ceremonies, religious and political institutions and lifeways -jí on the side of, in the direction of, in the manner of -jí-k’ehgo in the manner of -jį́’ up to, as far as -k’ą́ą́h against -k’ee on account of -k’eh -jí in a language -k’eh according to, in conformity with -k’eh-jí in a language -k’é for, in compensation for -k’i on, onto, off, over -ká after, for -káá’ on, on top of -kéé’ behind, following -lááh beyond, greater than -na’ beside, at one’s side, in place of, waiting for -naa, na- around -naashii across from, opposite -nah aside, to one side -ná around, encircling -nánii on a slope, on the edge -ne’ behind -ni in, during -niinaa because of, on account of -niit’aa to a barrier, to a point at which progress is blocked -niiyé for the purpose of, to -ní into a surface without completely piercing -níká through -t’ah in a recess, pocket or enclosed space, undercover -t’ááh close to -ta’ between -tah, -taa-, -ta- among, mixing -tis over -ts’ąą concealed from, out of reach -ts’ą́ą́’ away from, separating from, derived from -tsąąh in or during sleep -tsé before -tsi first, ahead, in front in space or time -tł’ááh beneath, under -yaa under, beneath, down -yaaghah around the corner from -yah under, beneath -zánághah around -- question expressions -- da’ particle for yes/no questions daats’í particle for perhaps -ísh enclitic for yes/no questions da’ particle for yes/no questions doodago particle or doodaii’ particle or ya’ particle for tag questions -sh enclitic for content questions -shą’ enclitic for content questions díkwíí how many ha’át’íí biniyé/biniinaa why, for what reason ha’át’íí what, who haa + Neuter V how / what V haa’í where hahgo when [future] há’at’é-P.ENCLITIC where há’at’é-go how, why háá-P.ENCLITIC where hádą́ą́ when [past] háidí which one háí who lá particle for content questions -- verb modes -- Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅) Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅) Future (F) Iterative (R) Usitative (U) Optative (O) Progressive (Prog) Continuative Imperfective (CI) Si-Perfective Neuter (SPN) Neuter Imperfective (NI) Neuter Perfective (NP) -- verbs -- ’adaashkááh go down (at least three) ’ahish’áád toss away ’aleeh happen, occur ’ashą́ eat ’ashtł’ó weave ’ashłééh make ’áháshyą́ care ’áhonissin be aware ’áshnééh act ’eesbąs drive ’iilts’ííd move (SRO) out of sight ’iishháásh sleep ’iishtł’ǫ́ set up a loom ’oolwoł drive ba’nistsóód feed it be’eshłééh copy, make a facsimile bééhózin there is knowledge bééshhił push along bik’í’níshch’iid find it binááshwoł run around bíhoosh’aah learn it ch’ééníssííd awaken him/her ch’éghááh go out ch’éghááh walk out ch’élyeed run out ch’ínishtaał bolt déyá go déyá start to go diisłóós lead it (on a leash) dináádish’nííł put more of them into the fire dishááh start to go dishní say it dishnííł start to work díínii’ ache, be in pain díníshkaad start to herd them along díníshniih ache, be in pain dínít’įįh start to grow haash’nééh climb up (on hands and knees) hanááshyį́į́’ rest hashbį’ clear the land hasht’eeshłééh prepare it hasht’enáshdlééh put back heesh’ááł move it along (heavy object) hoshishkeeh scold na’ashkǫ́ǫ́’ swim na’nishkaad herd, go out herding na’nishtin teach naash’na’ crawl around naashá go about naashkaah investigate it, study it naashnish work naashté carry it around (animate object) nahashniih buy, sell nááshbał turn in circles, whirl, spin náháshgod hoe náníshdááh return na‘oolwoł return ndaashjooł set piles out neeshchééł flee, run away from neeshkał herd them along ni’séłhaazh rest up niishch’ííł blink niishk’oł blink ninishjooł feed niséyá go and return nishááh come, arrive nishkaah give open container nisin think, want ńdiishdááh start shishkaah put it on a surface (OC) shishłé put it on a surface (SFO) sisxé kill sodiszin pray tanáosh’nił take it apart tádíshááh go about yáshti’ speak yiishjį́į́h become black, get sunburned yilyeed go, run yinísht’įįh discuss yish’aah move it, handle it yish’aah move it, handle it (SRO) yish’aash go as a pair (with) yish’aał chew it yishááh go yishááł walk yishdlą́ drink it yishghał eat it (meat) yishtł’ééł trot along, jog along yishwoł run along yishyeed run yíníshkeed request yíshą́ eat it ’asht’í act diists’a hear, understand diltłi’ burn ditą́ deep, thick níjaa’ lie in a line sédá sit sézį́ stand yiníshyé be named, be called

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Semantic domain: [all] accompaniment benefactive cognitive experiencer comparative goal imperative instrumental location possessor time transportation weather yes/no question