’Ahił ’áshjání ’álnééh ’ałhídayółtą’ígíí (zaatą’ii)
Díí Saad Dílzin saatsoh biyi’ ’ałhídayółtą’ígíí díkwíí shį́į́ ’ał’aan ’ádaat’é. Kwé’é daasdzoh: dóó, doodaii, ndi, háálá, ’Ahótą’ saad ’éí zaatą’ii (conjunction) kodóó bee yójíi dooleeł. Zaatą’ii ’éí naaki dóó biláahgo ha’oodzíí’ (dóó dzíí’chil dóó saad) ’ałhídayółtą’go t’ááłá’í ha’oodzíí’ (’éí doodaii’ dzíí’chil) yileeh. T’áá ’ałtso zaatą’ii ’ááh yiłnínígíí t’áá ’ał’ąą ’át’é.
Zaatą’ii ’éí saatsoh biyi’ígíí ’ííyisíí yeinít’į́. ’Ákondi ła’ nááná bináádaóltą’ (yę́ędą́ą́’ nahalingo) naaki ha’oodzíi’go ’ałhíyółtą’.Łah da zaatą’ii dóó saad ’át’éii t’áá ’aheełt’é nahalin łeh. ’Áko bee ’ał’ąą ’át’éhígíí doo bééhózin da.
Łah da, saad ’át’éii dóó saad zaatą’ii t’áá ’áłah ha’oodzíí’ bii’ chǫǫ’įįhgo, ’ááh yiłnínígíí łahgo ’át’įįh.
Kóyahdi ha’oodzíí’ biká’ígíí ’éí Joe dóó Louise t’áá łá’í dzíí’chil ’ałhíidzo:
Joe | dóó | Louise | hataał. |
Joe | and | Louise | 3-sing.CI |
Joe and Louise are singing. |
’Áhát’į́ saad, hataał, t’áá łá’í ’át’į́įgo baa yáti’; ’ábi’dil’íinii bąąh ’ádin:
Joe | hataał. |
Joe | 3-sing.CI |
Joe is singing. |
*Joe | Louise | hataał. |
Joe | Louise | 3-sing.CI |
Joe Louise is singing. |
Táá’ gone’ yisdzohígíí ’ání, hazhó’ó ha’oodzíí’ k’ehgo ’éí Joe Louise hazhi’go t’éiyá beiłt’é. Nááná nizhdilt’éego, Joe dóó Louise joolyéego, ’éí zaatą’ii [dóó] yízhi’ bitah góne’ ’aji’áahgo ’éí yee ’ałhíyółtą’. Díí kódahdi t’áá łá’í (1) yisdzohígi’ ’át’įįh. Zaat’ą’ii [dóó] bita’ si’ą́ągo ’éí nizhdilt’éego bee bééhózin łeh.
Diné k’ehjí, naaki dóó biʼaan dzíí’chilgo, ’éí ’ałhidii’nilgo bíighah ndi ’áhát’ínígíí ’éí lą́’í, táá’ dóó bi’aan biih dahiisdzohígíí [da] biih ji’ááh. ’Áko táá’ dóó bi’aan baa hwiinít’į́́įgo yeinít’į́:
Joe | dóó | Louise | dóó | Kii | dahataał. |
Joe | and | Louise | and | Kii | pl-3-sing.CI |
Joe, Louise, and Kii are singing. |
Bee ’ééhóziní kódahdi yisdzohígíí ’éí t’áá łá’í (1) dóó dį́į́’ (4) góne’’éí 'ázhí dzíí’chil bił ’ałhidiit’ą́. Nááná ła’ dzíí’chil tʼáá ’ákót’éego ’ałhidiit’ą́ągo bíighah. Díí kóyahdi yisdzohígíí bee ’ééhózin ’akéé’si’ání bíilts’i’go dzíí’chil wolyé:
Tsé’áándę́ę́’ | dóó | tsédáajį’ | ninish’na’. |
cave-from | and | cliff-to | 1-crawl.P |
I crawled out of the cave and to the edge of the cliff. |
Na’ná’á | biyaa | góne’ | dóó | báhátis | ’adiłt’oh. | |
bridge | 3-under | below | and | 3-across | 3-3-shoot.P | |
S/he shot them (e.g., arrows) over the bridge and under it. |
Haʼoodzíí’ ’ahíidzohgo ’éí t’áá ’aheiłt’éego ’ahił naalnish. ’Ałhidiit’ą́ągo ’ałdó’ bíighah. ’Ałʼaan ’át’éego zaatą’ii chǫǫʼį́įgo bíighah:
Kin | Łánídi | naashnish | háálá | ’áadi | shaghan. |
Flagstaff | 1-work.I | because | there | 1-live.NI | |
I work in Flagstaff because I live there. |
Kin | bighą́ą́’dę́ę́’ | hadah | ’adzííłhaal | ndi | t’áadoo | ’ádadénih | da. |
house | 3-to-from | down | 1-tumble.P | but | NEG | RFLX-1-hurt.P | NEG |
I tumbled off the housetop but I didn’t get hurt. |
Díí saad kóyahdi binaʼasdzooígíí ’éí saatsoh biyi’di zaatą’ii bikáá’. Bíilts’i’ -go ’éí saatsoh biyi’di ’át’éii bikáá’. Díí saad ’éí Young dóó Morgan bizaatsoh dabikáá’ (1987:23-24) [link].
Diné Bizaad | Bilagáana Bizaad | Da’ saad dah shijaa’ígíí ’ahíidzohgo ’éí t’áá ’aheiłt’éego ’ahił naalnish? | dzíí’chil ’éí ’ałhidadiit’ą́ |
---|---|---|---|
dóó | ‘and’/‘and then’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’, NP, PP, EP |
’áádóó | ‘and then’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
’áko | ‘so, so that, so then’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
’áko ’índa | ‘when, then’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
’áko ndi | ‘even so, even then’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
’áko shį́į́ | ‘then maybe/ then probably’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
’áko shį́į́ ’índa | ‘then only’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
doodago | ‘or’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’, NP, PP, EP? |
doodaii’ | ‘or’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’, NP, PP, EP? |
-go | ndaaga’ | ha’oodzíí’, NP | |
háálá | ‘for, because’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
-ii’ | ‘and, and thereupon’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
’índa | ‘and only then’ | ndaaga’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
léi’ | ‘because’, ‘inasmuch as’ or ‘in view of the fact that’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
ndi | ‘but’ | ’aoo’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
’azhą́…ndi | ‘even though, despite the fact that, notwithstanding’ | ’aoo’ (’Éí doodaii ’azhą́ saad ’át’éii ’át’é dóó ndi zaatą’ii ’át’é) | ha’oodzíí’ |
ńt’éé’ | past | daats’í | ha’oodzíí’ |
yę́ędą́ą́’ | past | ndaaga’ | ha’oodzíí’ |
- NP
- ’Ázhí dzíí’chil (noun phrase)
- PP
- ’akéé’si’ání dzíí’chil (postpositional phrase)
- EP
- ’akéé’si’ání bíilts’i’ dzíí’chil (postpositional enclitic phrase)
Dzíí’chil ’ahíidzohgo ’éí t’áá ’aheiłt’éego ’ahił naalnish. Díí ’aheiłt’éii (coordination) kodóó bee yójíi dooleeł. Bídéít’i’ii (subordination) ła’ ha’oodzíi’go dóó nááná ła’ ’áká’iilwo’ii chǫǫ’įįhgo ha’oodzíí’ nizhóní yileeh. Díí bee ’ał’ąą ’át’é. Naaki ha’oodzíí’go ’áłtsé ha’oodzíí’ígíí [-go] bíilts’i’, ’áajį’ t’ááłá’í ha’oodzíí’ yileeh. ’Áádóó ʼáłtsé haʼoodzííʼígíí ’ááh yiłnínígíí łahgo ’áyiił’įį.
Shilééchąą’í | bił | na’nishkaadgo | jooł | bá | ’abíńjíshhałgo | yikéé’ | náádiilwo’. |
1-dog | 3-with | 1-herd.CI | ball | 3-for | 3-1-bat.R-GO | 3-after | 3-run.R |
When I’m out herding with my dog I bat fly balls for him and he chases them. |
’Átsé dzíí’chil ’éí ła’ígíí yíká ’análwo’go hoolzhish bee bééhózin. T’áá díkwíijį’ da -go bii’ bíilts’i’go baa náháne’. Kwe’é ’ííshjání ’álnééh, -go dzíí’chil ’éí biniinaanii hólǫ́ǫgo yaa halne’:
’Ádihodideesht’ih | sha’shin | nisingo | t’áadoo | ’atah | haasdzíi’ | da. |
Joe | dóó | Louise | dóó | Kii | dahataał. | |
I didn’t say anything because I thought I might get myself into trouble. |
’Áshjání ’álnéhígíí ’éí ’áłtsé haʼodzíʼígíí [-go] saatsoh biyi’ saad ’át’éii daasdzoh dóó saad biihi’níłí ’ałdó’ bii’ házhdí’įįh.
Ła’ binahjį’ ha’alzííd
Ha’oodzíí’ [-go] zaatą’ii ’éí t’áá ’ałk’idą́ą́’ ’ákót’éego baa yáti’ nít’éé’ jiní. (Schauber 1975 [link]).
ʼAłheełt’éego haʼoodzííʼ [-go] ’ałhíyółtą’. Bideená’ éí nít’éé’ ’áłdó’ chǫǫ’į́. ’Éí ’ahídínéelná doodaii ’ałhíyóltą’go chǫǫʼį́įgo ’át’é. (Łah da, saad ’át’éii nahalin łeh.)
Díí saad ła’ [-go] ’ahíyółta’ígíí saadtsoh biyi’ góne’ yisdzohíí ’éí saad ’át’éii yaa halne’.
Díí saad kwii yidzohíí [’azhą́…ndi.], [ndi] ’éí zaatą’ii ’át’é. ’Éí doodago t’áá ’áłah zaatą’ii ’át’é. Nááná díí saad [’azhą́] ’éí saad ’át’éii ’át’é ’áłdó’.
Ła’ ha’nitáhígíí ’éí biihidzóhí 50 entries
’Adą́ą́dą́ą́’ ná’iyéláá’ nít’éé’ nídasésdo.
Yesterday SUP-1-pick.P past 1-sore.SP’Ashdladi oolkiłgo ’áko shį́į́ ’índa ákǫ́ǫ́ diikah.
five.at time-GO only until then there 1dpl-go.pl.I’Atsiniltł’ish dóó tó dayókeedígíí baa ’áłah ’aleeh lá.
electricity and water pl-3-request.I-NOM 3-for meeting DISC’Azhą́ nízaadi naagháa ndi bídin nishłį́.
even.though 3-be.far.away.NI-at 3-walks even.though 3-in.need.of 1-be.NI’Azhą́ ts’aa’ nízhóní ndi ’áłts’íísí.
even.though basket 3-be.pretty.NI even.though 3-be.small.NI’Azhą́ shaa jidiijéé' ndi, t'áá hwéé deeshwoł.
even.though 1-from-4-start-run.P just but 1-run.F’Ałk’idą́ą́’ dahane’ yę́ę k’ad ’índa baa nídahane’.
past pl-3.tell.story.I old now until.now 3-for pl-3.tell.story.I’Ałk’idą́ą́’ tł’oh naadą́ą́’ dant’į́įhgo łį́į́’ doodaii’ béégashii da há hada’ał’éés ńt’éé’.
long.ago grass corn 3-ripen.I-GO horse or cow etc. 4-for 3-stomp.I past’Áádóó háajigo dah diníyá?
and.then which.way-GO start.off 2-go.I’Áłtsé da’ííyą́ą́’ ’áko shį́į́ ’índa hooghandi nákai.
first 3.eat.P until then only home.at 3.pl.return.P’Áłtsé nééł’į́į́’ ’áko ’índa ’ííyą́ą́’.
first 1-look.P after.that 1.eat.PBááh łikanígíí ła’ nisin háálá ayóo łikan.
bread 3-be.sweet.NI.NOM some 3-1-want.NI because very 3-be.sweet.NICh’aa déyá ńt’éé shichídí bikee’ dilkǫǫh.
travel 1-go past 1-vehicle 3-tires worn.Chidí nahideeshnih ndi shibéeso ’ádin.
car 3-1-buy.F but 1-money 3-none.NIChidí łizhinígíí doodago łigaaígíí daats’í nahideeshnih?
car black-nom or white-nom perhaps 3-2-buy.FChizh ła’ ’ahidíłkaał ’áko ’índa nich’į’ n’deeshłééł.
firewood some 2-chop CONJ 2-to 1-pay.FDa’ chidíísh bee hólǫ́ doodaii’ ni daats’í chidí nee hólǫ́?
Q car-Q 3-with 4-exist.NI or 2 maybe car 2-with 4-exist.NIbee ’ééhóziní
- da’ particle for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- -ísh enclitic for yes/no questionsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- -ee by means offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- accompaniment
- doodaii’ particle orfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- doodaii’ or
- daats’í particle for perhapsfind in Navajo Questions Lexicon
- Neuter Imperfective (NI)find in Navajo Verb Modes
Daango k’ééda’dilyééh nt’éé’ t’áádoo k’ééda’diilyáa da.
spring-GO 3-plant.R past NEG 3-3-plant.P NEGbee ’ééhóziní
- -go verb and subordinating encliticfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- ’Ánáhoot’įįhígíífind in Navajo Verb Modes
- k’idishłé plant itfind in Navajo Verb Modes
- ńt’éé’ past
- ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- t’áadoo notfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- k’idishłé plant itfind in Navajo Verb Modes
Dichinísh doodaii’ dibáá’ísh jinízin?
hunger-Q or thirst-Q 3-4-want.NIDíí kwe’é biká’ígíí ’índa bik’i’diitą́.
this here 3-on.NOM until.then 3-1.understand.PDlǫ́ǫ́’ ’a’ą́ą́dę́ę́’ hanoolne’ dóó naneesne’.
prairie.dog hole-from stick.head.up.out.P and 3-look.around.PDoo hazhó’ó ’adiist’a’ da léi’ t’óó shaa daadloh.
NEG good reflex-1.hear.NI NEG since just me.at pl.3.laugh.IDoo ńdeeshdááł da, háálá kwii doo shił yá’áhoot’éeh da.
NEG 1-return.F NEG because here NEG 1-with 3-good.NI NEGHooghan ’adeeshłííł ndi tsineheeshjíí’ shee ’ádin.
hogan 1-build.F but lumber 1-with 3-none.NIHónáhoot’éhí ’índa ch’aa deeshááł nissin.
next.year until travel will.go.F 1-desire.Jooł ’ahííłhan ’áádóó ’atiin dóó ’anít’i’ báhátis ’eelts’id.
ball 3-1-throw.P and.then road and fence 3-over 3-move.SRO.PK’idadeelyáá nit’éé’ t’óó daazgan, háálá doo nahałtin da.
1pl-plant.P past just 3pl-dry.SPN, because NEG 3-rain.CI NEGbee ’ééhóziní
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- k’idishłé plant itfind in Navajo Verb Modes
- ńt’éé’ relates to past timefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- Si-Perfective Neuter (SPN)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- háálá for, because
- doo --- da frame to negativize verbs and phrasesfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- Continuative Imperfective (CI)find in Navajo Verb Modes
Na’nízhoozhígóó nihił ’adeeswod ’áko shį́į́ ’adiidį́į́ł chidí nihá ’ánálnéehgo.
Gallup-to 1-with INDEF-drive.P then maybe 1-dual-eat.F car 1-for 3-fix.I-GObee ’ééhóziní
- -ił withfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -á for, for the benefit offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- Future (F)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- ’áko shį́į́ then maybe, then probably
- Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
Naakidi ’oolkiłgo ’áko ’índa ’áajigo dah diiyá.
two.at time-GO after.that. towards.GO start 1.go.INanise’ígíí ch’iiyáán daohsą́ ’áko bee nihits’íís bitah ya’ádahoot’ééh dooleeł.
plant-ÍGÍÍ food pl-2-eat.I so 3-with 2pl-body 3-among pl-3-good.NI futureNanise’ígíí ch’iiyáán daohsą́ ’áko bee nihits’íís bitah ya’ádahoot’ééh dooleeł.
plant-ÍGÍÍ food pl-2-eat.I so 3-with 2pl-body 3-among pl-3-good.NI futureNaʼahóóhai baa nídiikai ʼakó ʼakʼidahiʼniłí bee shíká ʼadíílwoł.
rodeo 3-about 1pl-do.pl.F so saddle.blanket 3-with 1-after 2-help.FNeezdáago ’índa yiyííłtsą́.
3-sit.P-Comp only.then 3-3-see.PNida’iilyéego ’áłt’ąą yiską́ągo ’índa yínááł doo.
pass.pay.I-go after.all tomorrow only.then 2-come.Prog futurebee ’ééhóziní
- Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- -go verb and subordinating encliticfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- ’áłt’ąą after all, in spite of unfortunatelyfind in Navajo Particle Lexicon
- yiską́ągo tomorrowfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- ’índa and only then
- Progressive (Prog)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- doo, dooleeł futurefind in Navajo Particle Lexicon
Nídeezidgo ’índa hoł ní’deeswod.
month-GO only.then 4-with 2-drive.back.FSha’ałchíní ayóó niłch’í naalkídi deineł’į́ ’áko ndi shí éí shináá bąą adin.
1-children very air 3-move.I 3-3.look.I however I 1-eyes 3-on doesn’t exist.Shicheii déidiiłjeeh’ii’, hoozdohgóó nahisiitą́.
1-grandfather 3-3-built.fire.P-and warm-to 3-sit.PShidá’í látsíní ’áyiilaa’ii’ yaa bił hoozhǫǫhgo bima yaa yinítą́.
1-uncle bracelet 3-make.P-and 3-3-happy.I 3-mother 3-3-give.Pbee ’ééhóziní
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- ’ashłééh makefind in Navajo Verb Modes
- -ii’ and, and thereupon
- -aa tofind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- benefactive
- -ił withfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- cognitive experiencer
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
Shimá dóó shizhé’é bił dibé dóó tł’ízí ta’nda’díígish nt’éé’.
1-mom and 1-dad 3-with sheep and goats 3-pl.shear.I pastShimá sání dah díníilghaazh ’ayiila’ii’, nihí yaa néíni’ką́.
1-grandmother frybread 3-3-make.P-and 1.dpl under 3-3-place.Pbee ’ééhóziní
- -ii’ and, and thereupon
- yaa down, downwardfind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- ’ashłééh makefind in Navajo Verb Modes
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- baa’nishkah place it, put itfind in Navajo Verb Modes
Shimá bighangóó shíni’ ńt’éé’ ch’ééh déyáago shił náhoogéé’.
1-mother 3-home-to 1-desire.to.go past in.vain 1-go.P-GO 1-with ho-become.lazy.XShíká ’anánílwo’ doodago’ t’áadoo shaa nánít’į́ní!
1-after indef-help.R or just-neg 1-about 1-2-bother.NI-negT’óó tá’ádeesgizii’ ’ííyą́ą́’.
just 3-reflex-wash.P-CONJ 3-eat.PTó lą’ígo nidlą́ ’áko bee nitah yá’áh’hoot’ééh dooleeł.
water many 3-2-drink.DI so 3-with 2-among pl-3-good.NI futurebee ’ééhóziní
- Imperfective (I) (∅, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- ’áko so, so that, so then
- -ee by means offind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- -tah, -taa-, -ta- among, mixingfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- Neuter Imperfective (NI)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- dooleeł futurefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- dooleeł futurefind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
Tó lą’ígo nidlą́ ’áko bee nitah yá’áh’hoot’ééh dooleeł.
water many 3-2-drink.DI so 3-with 2-among pl-3-good.NI futureTsé binahjį’ kídíníikeeł dóó háádiilyįh.
rock 3-against 1du-sit.F and 1du-rest.FYéego ’ííníłta’, shi’awéé’, ’áko nizhónígo ni’dííłtah.
really 2-study.NI 1-baby so well 2-graduate.FÁniid iiyą́ą́ ’áko ndi t’ah dichin nisin.
Recently 1-eat.P even then still 3-hungry 1-want.NIbee ’ééhóziní
- ’ániidígo recently, not long agofind in Navajo Adverb Lexicon
- Perfective (P) (yi, ni, si, yi-∅)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- ’áko ndi even so, even then
- -t’ah in a recess, pocket or enclosed space, undercoverfind in Navajo Postposition Lexicon
- Neuter Imperfective (NI)find in Navajo Verb Modes
- nisin think, wantfind in Navajo Verb Modes